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Fermentation Atlas

Vegetables

Kimchi, sauerkraut, pickles and other vegetables soured in salt or brine.

221 entries listed here, page 2 of 3.

Compare them

FermentRegionMain stepTemperatureSaltpH
Minor-ingredient kimchi of the Korean dictionary listKorea3 days5.7–6.3
Mizukakena-zukeGotemba and Oyama, Shizuoka, Japan3–4 days3–4 %
Moriguchi-zuke (two-year lees-pickled Moriguchi daikon)Nagoya and Fusōat least 2 years9.2 %
Mugeunji (long-aged kimchi)Korea11 months – 3 years5 °C2.2 %3.7–4.2
Mul kimchi (water kimchi, generic) and its minor historical formsKorea10 days4–25 °C1.3–1.7 %
Mumallaengi kimchi (dried-radish kimchi)Korea, especially Gyeongsang28–35 days20 °C
Murături (Romanian brined pickles: varză murată and green tomatoes)Romania7–42 days18–22 °C0.6 % → 0.74 %
Nabak kimchiKorea6–24 days4 °C1.3–1.7 %4.2–4.5
Nabok kimchi of the Jeungbo sallim gyeongje (radish with stems and spices)Korea
NarazukeNara City and all of Nara Prefecture, Japan3–18 months5–8 %
Nor-mai-dorng (Thai fermented bamboo shoot)Thailand7–30 days10 %up to 4
Northeast suan cai (Dongbei sauerkraut)Northeast China30 days18–20 °C0.5–3.5 %3.2–3.3
Nozawana-zukeNagano14–30 days10 °C2.5–3.3 %4
Ntoba mbodi (fermented cassava leaves)Republic of the Congo2–4 days26 °C → 31 °C6.5 → 8.5
Nukazuke (rice-bran bed pickles)Japan40 days24 °C6 %6 → 4
Ogórki kiszone (Polish sour cucumbers)Poland4 days2–2.5 %3.1–4.1
Oi-sobagi (stuffed cucumber kimchi)Korea24 h – 8 days10 °C
Oiji (salt-brined whole cucumbers)Korea2.5–6 days25 °C5–15 %3.4–5.1
Pa kimchi (green-onion kimchi)Korea5–34 days10–25 °C10 %4.3–5.7
Pak sian dong (pickled spider plant)Thailand2–7 days2–4 %3.7
Pak-kaat-dorng (Thai pickled mustard greens, two methods)Thailand, all regions5–10 days8–10 %3.6
Pak-koom-dorng (fermented Crateva shoots)Thailand3 daysup to 4
Pak-naam-dorng (fermented Lasia spinosa)Thailand2–3 daysup to 4
Pè-ti chin (sour mung bean sprouts)Myanmar5 days3.5
Phak gard dong (pickled mustard green)Northern Thailand3–10 days4.3–4.6
Put kimchi (new-season greens kimchi)Korea4–18 days
Putmaneul geotjeori (green-garlic fresh kimchi)Korea
Rakkyo-zuke (Tottori, honzuke method)Fukube10–14 days30 %
Sa-tor-dorng (brine-pickled stink-bean seeds)Thailand3–4 days10 %up to 4
Saengchi kimchi (pheasant kimchi, historical)Korea, in Joseon-period cookbooks
Salt-fermented mushrooms (Eastern Europe)Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Lithuania14 days4–6 °C2 %up to 4.5
Salted zu pickles of turnip, cabbage, mallow and mustard (蕪菁、菘、葵、蜀芥鹹菹法)China3 days
Sangat kimchi (wild-mustard kimchi ripened on a warm floor)Korea
Sangohachi-zuke (3-5-8 koji pickle)Nihonmatsu, Fukushimaat least 30 days2 %
Sanpoku and Atsumi yakihata red turnip pickleSanpoku, Murakami7 days
SauerkrautGermany, Austria, Central and Eastern Europe, Alsace, Netherlands, USA7 days18 °C2–2.3 %3.4–3.4
Sauerkraut juice (Sauerkrautsaft)Germany, Central and Eastern Europe14 days1.7 %3.7
Sauerrüben (sour turnip)Germany, Austria35–42 days20 °C2.5 %
Sayur asinIndonesia, especially East Java3–7 days28–30 °C2.5–10 %3.5–4.6
Seisai-zuke and omi-zuke (Yamagata)Yamagata, Japan7 days4 %
Sendai hakusai-zuke (Sendai napa cabbage pickle)Miyagi, Japan14 days4–5 %
SenmaizukeKyoto, Japan24 h – 3 days4–6
Senshū mizunasu asazuke (water eggplant pickle)Senshū, southern Osaka, Japan2–3 months
Seokbakji (mixed-chunk kimchi)Korea21 days5 °C4.2–4.4
Shakushina-zuke (Chichibu ladle-greens pickle)Chichibu and Fukaya, Saitama, Japan14 daysup to 8 %
ShibazukeOhara, Sakyō ward, Kyoto, Japan14–30 days2.5–4.5 %3.4
Sichuan paocaiSichuan, China5–7 days25 °C4–8 %6 → 4.3
SinkiNepal, Sikkim and Darjeeling12 days – 3 months30 °C6.7 → 3.3
SoibumManipur, India3–12 months3.9
SoidonManipur, India3–7 days4.2
Solyonye ogurtsy (Russian salted cucumbers)Russia, Ukraine, Belarus2.5–3.5 %
Sour bamboo shoot (suan sun)Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Sichuan, China28 days20–24 °C0 %5.7 → 4.81
Spreewälder Gurken (Spreewald gherkins, PGI)Spreewald economic region, Brandenburg, Germanyup to 3 %
Suan doujiao (sour long beans)China30 days – 12 months1.5 %5.5 → 3.56
Suguki (sugukizuke)Kamigamo district, Kyoto, Japan7 days40 °C
Sunki (salt-free turnip-leaf pickle)Kiso district, Nagano, Japan24 h0 %3.7–4.3
Sunmu kimchi (Ganghwa turnip kimchi) and the old turnip kimchiGanghwa Island30–40 days0 °C
Sushiko (Tsugaru fermented rice pickle)northwest Tsugaru, Aomori, Japan10 days5 %3.4–4.3
Takana-zuke (Aso and Setaka)Aso6–12 months4 %
Takuan (takuanzuke)Japan2–12 months4 °C8 %6.4 → 5.8
Temple kimchi (sachal kimchi)Korea24 h – 3 days5.1–6
Tianjin dong cai (garlic preserved cabbage)Chenguantun, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China5–8 months
Tooa-li-song-dorng (pickled peanut sprouts)Thailand2–3 days10 %up to 4
Tooa-ngork-dorng (pickled mung-bean sprouts)Thailand24 h – 2 daysup to 4
Torshi / turşu (brine-fermented types)Iran, Turkey, Iraq, the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Levant30–40 days12 %
Wasabi-zuke (wasabi in sake lees)Shizuoka2–3 days2 %
Xue cai / xuelihong (Ningbo salted potherb mustard, "red in snow")Zhejiang, China30 days6 %6.1 → 4.34
Yamakawa-zuke and tsubozuke (Kagoshima pounded dried-daikon pickle)Yamakawa district, Ibusuki, Kagoshima6–12 months5 %
Yatara-zuke (Shisō mixed winter pickle)Harima6 months20 %
Yeolmu kimchi (young radish kimchi)Korea14–21 days5 °C4.3
Yibin ya cai (sweet preserved mustard stem)Yibin, Sichuan, China3 months5.6
Zha caiFuling4–6 months4 %
Lam-peuak-dorng (fermented taro leaf stalk)Thailand5 days2.5 %
Nasu no hanazushi (eggplant flower sushi)Yokote and southern Akita, Japan3–4 days6 %
Nasu no koji-zuke (Akita eggplant koji pickle)Southern Akita, Japan30 days15 %
Natazuke (hatchet-cut daikon in amazake)All of Akita, Japan7 days2 %
Tsugaru akakabu senmaizuke (red-turnip thousand-slice pickle)Tsugaru7 days3 %
Bak kimchi (young bottle-gourd kimchi)Korea
Burong mustasa (Filipino rice-water fermented mustard greens)Philippines4–6 days
Changzhou luobogan (Changzhou dried radish)Xinzha, Zhonglou District, Changzhou

Bold names have a full page with the animated steps. Blank cells: no sourced value yet.

Short entries

What the sources record about each of these so far.

Bak kimchi (young bottle-gourd kimchi)Korea

Also called 박김치.

Bak kimchi is kimchi made from an unripe bottle gourd cut into small, flat, thin pieces.

  1. Cut the unripe gourd into thin flat pieces
  2. Make into kimchi
Burong mustasa (Filipino rice-water fermented mustard greens)Philippines

Also called burong mustasa, fermented mustard leaves, pickled flat mustard greens.

Flat-leaf mustard greens are wilted in the sun, rubbed with coarse salt and packed in a jar under the starchy water from cooking rice. Lactic acid bacteria, with acetic acid bacteria in the middle stage, sour the greens in about four to six days at room temperature.

  1. Wilt the greens in the sun1 h
  2. Mash the greens gently with salt
  3. Pack in a jar and pour on the strained rice water4–6 days
  4. Keep cool to develop the flavour10–13 °C
Changzhou luobogan (Changzhou dried radish)Xinzha, Zhonglou District, Changzhou

Also called 常州萝卜干, 武进萝卜干, Changzhou dried turnip, Wujin radish.

Slices of the local red-skinned Xinzha radish are sun-dried until they lose about a third of their water, then salted in vats and turned again and again so the salt spreads and the packed radish does not heat up. It comes in sweet and salty kinds and is eaten crunchy with rice or fried into rice.

  1. Slice the radish around Lidong
  2. Sun-dry on bamboo trays or reed mats
  3. Salt in vats
  4. Turn the vats repeatedly

Numbers come from cited sources and carry a label that says how each is known. How this atlas is made