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Alcoholic drinks from United States prisons
Pruno is an illicit wine made in prisons from fruit, sugar and water fermented for several days in sealed plastic bags or jars. It matters to public health because batches that included potatoes have caused botulism outbreaks in US prisons.
| Fruit, fresh or canned | [cdc2012] |
| Sugar, often from powdered drink mix | [cdc2012] |
| Water | [cdc2012] |
| Sometimes potatoes, jelly, ketchup, bread | Potatoes were in the batches linked to botulism[cdc2012][marlow2021] |
| Starter | other: the mashed base ingredients, which inmates call the starter or kicker, kept and reused for later batches |
Total time across the recorded steps: 2 days – 8 days
What changes: Fruit, sugar and water go into a plastic bag
Inmates mash the ingredients together in a trash bag, jar or water bottle. A potato kept for weeks at room temperature is the ingredient linked to botulism in Utah. Output: sweet fruit mash.
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
Pruno is an illicit wine made in prisons from fruit, sugar and water fermented for several days in sealed plastic bags or jars. It matters to public health because batches that included potatoes have caused botulism outbreaks in US prisons. Made in 4 steps over 2 days – 8 days. The longest step, ferment sealed for several days, takes 2–8 days (Adams L.E. et al. 2015).
| Main step | 2–8 daysReported[adams2015][yasmin2015] | Ferment sealed for several days |
|---|
Pruno is a fruit-and-sugar ferment made in sealed bags from whatever food is at hand. Adding root vegetables such as potato can bring in botulinum spores.
Made the same way, each with what its own sources record.
Alcoholic drinks from Brazilian prisons
Maria-louca is distilled after fermenting, where pruno and other prison wines are drunk as the fermented wash.
Sources: Wikipedia (pt); Blumenthal P. et al. 2021
This entry describes a hazard, not a method to follow. Botulinum toxin forms in airless, low-salt, low-acid, low-sugar conditions at room temperature. CDC investigators found that pruno with a potato added can give these conditions. Potatoes and other root vegetables can carry spores from soil; in the Utah outbreak the potato had been kept for weeks at room temperature. Botulism outbreaks from pruno have been reported in California, Utah, Arizona and Mississippi prisons.
Hazards the sources name: Clostridium botulinum (spores from potatoes and other root vegetables).
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
CDC says two earlier pruno-linked botulism outbreaks hit one and two inmates. In Utah, eight inmates fell ill with onset on 30 September to 4 October 2011, the largest pruno outbreak known then, linked to a baked potato kept for weeks. In Arizona two outbreaks (12 cases) came in July to November 2012 in one prison, the second with eight men who shared one batch made with potatoes. In 2016 a federal prison in Mississippi had a botulism outbreak, with 31 inmates drinking contaminated hooch.
