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The yellow flesh of ripe toddy-palm fruit is kneaded into wet rice flour and left in the shade until wild yeasts from the fruit make it bubble. Sugar and coconut are mixed in, and the batter is steamed in small cups into soft, spongy yellow cakes.
Fully documentedCereals and bread17 h – 26 h
Recipe
Amounts from a sourcePercentages of the whole batter in the recipe used by a 2015 Thai study, taken from a 2002 thesis. A household recipe in the JIRCAS database uses 1 litre of rice, the flesh of 2 ripe fruits, 1 kg of sugar and 1/2 kg of grated coconut or coconut milk.
Coconut milk40.80 %
Of the whole batter; heated to 50 ± 1 °C and the sugar dissolved in it[palida2015]
spontaneous (wild yeasts in the ripe palm flesh); selected yeast starters have been tested
Total time across the recorded steps: 17 h – 26 h
Start
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What changes:Palm flesh rubbed off the fibres drips through a cloth bag until thick
Step 1 of 5
Extract and drain the palm flesh
Time
12 h
Reported
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Yeasts
Ripe fruits are peeled and the flesh is rubbed off the fibres with water through a fine sieve. Output: thick palm-flesh paste.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
deep yellow
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
The yellow flesh of ripe toddy-palm fruit is kneaded into wet rice flour and left in the shade until wild yeasts from the fruit make it bubble. Sugar and coconut are mixed in, and the batter is steamed in small cups into soft, spongy yellow cakes. Made in 5 steps over 17 h – 26 h. The longest step, extract and drain the palm flesh, takes 12 h (Palida T 2015). Wild yeasts of ripe palm flesh and Saccharomyces, Candida, Kloeckera and Hanseniaspora, the yeast genera usually found in ripe palm flesh do most of the fermenting.
Khanom tan is leavened by wild yeasts carried in the ripe palm-fruit flesh itself. Most market cakes use little palm flesh, more flour and added yellow colour, and some add baking powder.
Rice-flour household version3 cups rice flour, 1 cup palm flesh, 2 cups sugar and 4 cups coconut milk, fermented 9 hours and steamed (JIRCAS database).
Baking-powder khanom tanBatter with 0.5 % baking powder added, fermented 3 h at 37 °C like the others. In a 2015 trial it had the highest specific volume and overall liking, level with starter plus baking powder, but the authors note chemical leavening gives less flavour than yeast.
Pectin-enriched khanom tanIn a 2023 study, low-methoxyl pectin recovered from palm-pulp wash water was added to the batter; the cake came out less hard, with more spring, volume and surface pores than the control.
Yeast-starter khanom tanA Hanseniaspora guilliermondii strain from ripe palm flesh, the best batter fermenter of 17 isolates, is added at 2 %.
Safety
Steaming cooks the batter through. The cakes keep about 2 days.
Palida et al. (2015) write that good khanom tan is now hard to find because fewer toddy palms are planted. Most cakes sold in markets use little palm flesh, more flour and added yellow colour, and some add baking powder, which costs them the palm aroma of the yeast-fermented cake.