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In industrial ripe pu-erh, tonnes of sun-dried green tea are wetted and piled about a metre high, where moulds and bacteria heat the pile; a 2022 pile at another factory held 51.5–62.9 °C for most of a month. Every week or so the pile is broken up, wetted again and rebuilt, eight times in all.
Fully documentedTea leaf7 days – 10 days
Recipe
Amounts from a sourceTwo independent batches (F1 and F2) at Xiaguan Tuocha (Group) Co., Dali, between July and September 2020, with 15 tons of maocha in total (Guan et al. 2026). The temperatures, pH and moisture curve come from a second, 30-day pile at a Xishuangbanna factory in 2022 (Hu et al. 2025).
Sun-dried green tea (maocha)15 t in total for the study's two batches
spontaneous (no inoculum; wetting wakes the microbes already on the leaf)
Total time across the recorded steps: 7 days – 10 days
Start
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What changes:Sun-dried tea is wetted with spring water to about 40 % moisture
Step 1 of 4
Wet the maocha
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Aspergillus
Bacillus
Moulds
Kocuria
Output: wet tea.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
In industrial ripe pu-erh, tonnes of sun-dried green tea are wetted and piled about a metre high, where moulds and bacteria heat the pile; a 2022 pile at another factory held 51.5–62.9 °C for most of a month. Every week or so the pile is broken up, wetted again and rebuilt, eight times in all. Made in 4 steps over 7 days – 10 days. The longest step, turn and re-wet (8 cycles), takes 7–10 days (Guan Y 2026) and runs at 51.5–62.9 °C (Hu M 2025). Aspergillus, Thermomyces, Rasamsonia and Blastobotrys and Bacillus do most of the fermenting.
This entry is one documented factory protocol of ripe pu-erh. The pile (15 t in total across the study's two batches) is turned and re-wetted every 7–10 days, eight times, and the heat comes from moulds and bacteria, not from an added starter.
Pile fermentation runs hot and moist for weeks, and the late bacteria include Staphylococcus (Hu 2025). In a separate study of 16 ripe pu-erh samples, not from this factory, patulin was found in 2 (mean 915 µg/kg of dry leaf) and no ochratoxin A (Zhang et al. 2016).
Ripe pu-erh was developed in the 1970s to shorten the ageing that raw pu-erh needs; it is made like raw pu-erh with an added pile-fermentation step started by adding water (Zhang et al. 2016). Wikipedia says the wòduī process was developed in 1973 by the Kunming Tea Factory.