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Black koji is steamed rice grown with Aspergillus luchuensis, a black-spored koji mould that makes a lot of citric acid. In the Okinawan trial conditions it is grown for 42 hours, at 40 °C first and cooler at the end, so the acid builds up. Awamori is brewed from black rice koji alone, and the acid keeps spoilage bacteria out of the warm mash.
No fixed amounts recordedNo amounts are given; the GI rules fix the mould and the all-koji method, not a batch size.
Rice, steamed
Thai rice is used for the rice koji in the Okinawan trial-brew list[oki2021]
Black koji seed (Aspergillus luchuensis)
Awamori under the Ryukyu designation must use only rice koji grown with A. luchuensis[nta-ryukyu][oki2021]
Starter
defined-culture: black koji spores (Aspergillus luchuensis; A. awamori in older literature)
Total time across the recorded steps: 42 h
Start
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What changes:Rice is steamed and cooled
Step 1 of 5
Steam the rice
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Aspergillus luchuensis
Moulds
Output: steamed rice, cooled for seeding.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Black koji is steamed rice grown with Aspergillus luchuensis, a black-spored koji mould that makes a lot of citric acid. In the Okinawan trial conditions it is grown for 42 hours, at 40 °C first and cooler at the end, so the acid builds up. Awamori is brewed from black rice koji alone, and the acid keeps spoilage bacteria out of the warm mash. Made in 5 steps over 42 h. The longest step, mix and cool so citric acid builds up, takes 22 h (Okinawa Prefecture 2021) and runs at 25–35 °C (Hayashi K 2021). Aspergillus luchuensis does most of the fermenting.
Black koji makes much more citric acid than the yellow koji of sake, so the mash stays sour and safe in Okinawa's hot, humid climate. Its black colour is the main thing white koji, an albino mutant picked out of it, lacks.
The citric acid the black koji makes keeps the mash pH low and holds back microbes other than the yeast. Black koji belongs to Aspergillus section Nigri, which also holds A. niger; some A. niger strains make ochratoxin or fumonisin, but Hayashi et al. state that the three koji fungi used for shochu and awamori cannot make mycotoxins.
The scientific name Aspergillus luchuensis comes from Ryukyu, and the mould is named a "national fungus" (kokkin). Kagoshima shochu makers brought black koji over from Okinawa around 1910. Molecular work showed the old name A. awamori covered several species, and the awamori mould was renamed A. luchuensis.