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Alcoholic drinks from Shu

Shu (Sichuan) tu wine (蜀人作酴酒法)酴酒

A Sichuan method for a sweet rice mash recorded in the 6th-century Qimin Yaoshu. Wheat qu steeps in mud-sealed flowing water through the winter, and after the spring thaw 3 dou of the liquid is mixed with 3 dou of cooked rice and sealed again for several tens of days. It is eaten with its lees and, the text says, does not make you drunk.

Fully documentedAlcoholic drinks

Recipe

Amounts from a sourceThe recipe's own amounts. Of the 5 dou of steeping water only 3 dou of strained liquid is kept, and it ferments 3 dou of rice.
Wheat qu2 jin[qmys-ws][qmys-siku]
Flowing water, drawn on a morning of the 12th month5 dou[qmys-ws][qmys-siku]
Rice, cooked with its firmness adjusted (調強軟)3 dou[qmys-ws][qmys-siku]
Starterkoji/qu/mold-starter (wheat qu)
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Close-up: water moving into a grain

What changes: Wheat qu steeps in a mud-sealed jar through the winter

Step 1 of 4
Steep wheat qu in flowing water through the winter
Time
From a morning of the 12th month until the thaw in the 1st or 2nd month
Reported
Temperature
Left sealed through the winter, from the 12th month until the ice thaws (凍釋) in the 1st or 2nd month
Reported
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented

Output: qu liquid, opened and strained after the thaw.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

At a glance

A Sichuan method for a sweet rice mash recorded in the 6th-century Qimin Yaoshu. Wheat qu steeps in mud-sealed flowing water through the winter, and after the spring thaw 3 dou of the liquid is mixed with 3 dou of cooked rice and sealed again for several tens of days. It is eaten with its lees and, the text says, does not make you drunk.

What makes this one different

A mash that is eaten, not drunk; the text says it does not make you drunk. The qu steeps all winter before any grain goes in, and the rice is added once only, not fed in repeated lots.

Related ferments

Safety

The text says the mash does not make a person drunk, and that eating a lot of it only warms the body and flushes the face. That is the old text's claim, not a measurement: this is a fermented mash that holds some alcohol, so treat it as alcoholic. The qu steeps in flowing water, and the text records no boiling of it; contaminated water can carry diseases such as cholera and typhoid [who-water]. A 2025 review of Chinese rice wine names ethyl carbamate, a potential carcinogen that forms from ethanol and nitrogen compounds during fermentation and storage, and biogenic amines as its main safety concerns; it speaks of rice wine in general, not of this recipe.

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

Qimin Yaoshu chapter 66 (笨麴餅酒), compiled by Jia Sixie in the 6th century, recording how the people of Shu make tu wine. Wikipedia dates the book to 544 CE on one account and to 533–544 CE on another.

Microbes
No study we found names its microbes.
Process times
The sources we found give no figure for how long any of its steps take.
Temperature, salt and pH
The sources we found give no temperature, salt or pH figure for any of its steps.
  1. [qmys-ws] Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu (6th century), juan 7, ch. 66 笨麴餅酒, 蜀人作酴酒法; transcription on Chinese Wikisource (齊民要術/卷第七), read 2026-10archive
  2. [qmys-siku] Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu, Siku quanshu edition, juan 7, transcription on Chinese Wikisource (齊民要術 (四庫全書本)/卷07), read 2026-10archive
  3. [qmys-wp] Wikipedia, Qimin Yaoshu (dates the book to 544 CE on one account and to 533–544 CE on another)wiki
  4. [who-water] World Health Organization, Drinking-water, fact sheet (general safety text only)gov
  5. [peng2025] Peng B. et al. 2025, Rice Wine Fermentation - Unveiling Key Factors Shaping Quality, Flavor, and Technological Evolution, Foods 14(14), 2544paper