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Chinese high-salt liquid-state (HLF) soy sauce高盐稀态发酵酱油
Chinese high-salt liquid-state soy sauce is brewed like Japanese shoyu. Steamed soybeans and wheat are grown into koji, mixed with a lot of strong brine into a thin mash and left in tanks for months while bacteria and yeasts ferment it.
Amounts from a sourceProportions from one laboratory moromi study using an Aspergillus oryzae strain supplied by a Foshan company; the sources give no fixed amounts for factory practice.
Saturated brine2 parts brine to 1 part koji (by mass)
Gives a mash of 18 % salt (w/w) in the study[wu2025]
Starter
Aspergillus oryzae koji (strain 3.042 in one laboratory study)
Total time across the recorded steps: 3 months
Start
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What changes:Soybeans are steamed and mixed with wheat or flour
Step 1 of 5
Steam the beans and prepare the wheat
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Moulds
Aspergillus oryzae
Weissella
Yeasts
Candida
Output: cooked soybeans and wheat.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Chinese high-salt liquid-state soy sauce is brewed like Japanese shoyu. Steamed soybeans and wheat are grown into koji, mixed with a lot of strong brine into a thin mash and left in tanks for months while bacteria and yeasts ferment it. Made in 5 steps over 3 months. The longest step, ferment the mash through the seasons, takes 3 months (Wu C 2025) and runs at 15–37 °C (Wu C 2025). Salt is 18 % (Wu C 2025). Aspergillus oryzae and Weissella and Staphylococcus do most of the fermenting.
China's two brewing methods differ at the mash. Low-salt solid-state sauce mixes the koji (mostly defatted soybean and bran) with brine into a solid mash; high-salt liquid-state sauce mixes it with brine into a thin mash that ferments for months. Tasters found the liquid-state sauce richer in aroma, with more odour-active compounds (37 against 33).
Guyi xitai (solid-then-liquid) sauceCounted with the high-salt liquid-state sauces in the national standard draft.
Safety
The high salt holds back unwanted microbes while lactic bacteria lower the pH. The national standard draft also caps ammonium salts at 28 % of the amino nitrogen. Ethyl carbamate, which IARC classes as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A), formed mostly during hot extraction and sterilisation in a study of one factory's Cantonese soy sauce, where levels across the process reached 44.8 µg/kg.
An approval draft of the national standard GB/T 18186, posted in 2021 and written by a Foshan brewer, would replace GB 18186-2000. It splits brewed soy sauce into high-salt liquid-state and low-salt solid-state types and changes the standard from mandatory to recommended.