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Tou-huang (豆黃, yellow-coated black soybeans, historical China)豆黃
Tou-huang is a medicinal ferment from the Chinese materia medica. A dou of black soybeans is steamed, spread on mats under artemisia as for the yellow stage of jiang, left until a yellow coat forms, then sun-dried and pounded to powder. This entry is a text-only reconstruction from two written sources.
Fully documentedStarters and koji
Recipe
Amounts from a sourceThe amount is the materia medica's own; 1 dou is a Chinese dry measure that changed over time.
Black soybeans1 dou ("a peck" in Stuart's translation)
What changes:Black soybeans are steamed until fully cooked
Step 1 of 4
Steam the black beans
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Moulds
Output: fully cooked black beans.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Tou-huang is a medicinal ferment from the Chinese materia medica. A dou of black soybeans is steamed, spread on mats under artemisia as for the yellow stage of jiang, left until a yellow coat forms, then sun-dried and pounded to powder. This entry is a text-only reconstruction from two written sources. Various moulds and mildews in the coat; Stuart notes it is probably not uniform does most of the fermenting.
Tou-huang is covered and moulded the way beans are for jiang, but it stops at the yellow coat and is dried and powdered as a medicine instead of being salted into a sauce.
Do not make or take this at home. The Bencao Gangmu lists tou-huang as sweet, warm and non-toxic, but that is a judgement from 1578, not a safety test. It also records advice, attributed there to Shen, to avoid pork with it and that stout people should not take it. Neither source gives a drying time or a safe limit. The yellow coat is wild mould, and no source we read tested it for toxins. As general guidance, Owolabi et al. (2022) note that a fermented food can still carry mycotoxins when its raw material is contaminated, and that some fermentation conditions favour growth of toxigenic Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium.
Li Shizhen's Bencao Gangmu (1578) cites the entry to the Shiliao (食療) and moves it out from under the soybean. Stuart's Chinese Materia Medica (1911) translates the method and calls the product a fermentation pellicle.
Starter
The sources we found do not say how its fermentation begins.
Process times
The sources we found give no figure for how long any of its steps take.
Temperature, salt and pH
The sources we found give no temperature, salt or pH figure for any of its steps.