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Tao-huu-yee is the Thai form of Chinese fermented tofu. At a Songkhla factory, firm tofu is soaked in brine, cut into small cubes and layered in lidded jars with mouldy rice koji, then left for about nine months, opened to the sun on fine days, until it turns yellow and mellow. It is then bottled and boiled.
Fully documentedSoy and legumes9.2 months – 9.5 months
Recipe
No fixed amounts recordedFactory process described in a 2001 Prince of Songkla University thesis; no amounts are given.
Soybeans
Soaked, ground and boiled into soy milk, then set with gypsum[chalad2001]
The tofu strips are soaked in it before cubing[chalad2001]
Cooked rice, left to grow mould into koji
Layered with the tofu cubes as the starter[chalad2001]
Starter
rice koji grown spontaneously on cooked rice
Total time across the recorded steps: 9.2 months – 9.5 months
Start
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What changes:Starting material: soybeans soaked in water
Step 1 of 6
Soak the soybeans
Time
6 h
Reported
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Aspergillus
Bacillus
Pediococcus
Saccharomyces
Moulds
Output: soaked soybeans.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Tao-huu-yee is the Thai form of Chinese fermented tofu. At a Songkhla factory, firm tofu is soaked in brine, cut into small cubes and layered in lidded jars with mouldy rice koji, then left for about nine months, opened to the sun on fine days, until it turns yellow and mellow. It is then bottled and boiled. Made in 6 steps over 9.2 months – 9.5 months. The longest step, layer rice koji and tofu in lidded jars and ferment, takes 9 months (Chalad C. 2001) and runs at 29–31 °C (Chalad C. 2001). Salt is 10.1–11.3 % (Chalad C. 2001). Aspergillus, Syncephalastrum and Bacillus, dominant in the rice koji and Bacillus, Pediococcus and Saccharomyces, found throughout the fermentation; Aspergillus and Bacillus make proteases and amylases do most of the fermenting.
Unlike Chinese sufu, which is usually started with Actinomucor mould grown on the tofu itself, this Thai factory ferments salted tofu cubes against a layer of mouldy rice koji for nine months. The red version gets its colour from red yeast rice.
Red tao-huu-yeeFermented with red yeast rice, which colours it red; sold as 'red tofu'.
Taokoan (Indonesia)A name used in Indonesia for Chinese-style fermented tofu [SIC-ft].
Safety
Aflatoxin B1 (10.8–22.8 ppb) was found in the fermenting tofu, and Aspergillus strains from it made the toxin in culture. Aflatoxins can damage the liver and cause liver cancer (WHO). The finished jars are boiled after bottling, but do not count on that to remove it, because most mould toxins survive food processing (WHO). The rice koji grows from wild moulds, and a home kitchen cannot tell whether they make toxin, so do not make this with wild-grown koji at home.
Hazards the sources name: Staphylococcus; Aflatoxin B1 at 10.8–22.8 ppb in the fermenting tofu; Aspergillus isolates made it in culture.