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Soft drinks from Roman Empire, Byzantium
Posca was the Roman soldiers' and poor people's drink of sour wine or wine vinegar mixed with water. The only ferment is the vinegar, made when acetic acid bacteria sour wine; the drink itself is simply mixed.
| Red wine vinegar2 tbsp | [kelsey-posca] |
| Chilled water1 cup | [kelsey-posca] |
| Honey1 tbsp, optional | [kelsey-posca] |
| Starter | none at the mixing stage; the vinegar came from wine soured by acetic acid bacteria |
Total time across the recorded steps: 6 months – 12 months
What changes: Yeast turns grape juice into wine, the base of the vinegar
The Roman sources name acetum (vinegar) but not how it was made; this step is the wine that the acetic acid bacteria start from. Output: wine.
Microbes at work in this step
yeasts turn grape sugar into the alcohol that vinegar bacteria later use
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
Posca was the Roman soldiers' and poor people's drink of sour wine or wine vinegar mixed with water. The only ferment is the vinegar, made when acetic acid bacteria sour wine; the drink itself is simply mixed. Made in 4 steps over 6 months – 12 months. The longest step, wine sours into vinegar, takes 6–12 months (Mas A 2014). Acetobacter in traditional slow vinegar making, with Komagataeibacter (such as K. europaeus) taking over as acidity rises does most of the fermenting.
| Main step | 6–12 monthsReported[mas2014] | Wine sours into vinegar |
|---|
Posca is not fermented itself. It is wine vinegar, an acetic ferment, diluted with water. Oxymel, a mixture of honey and vinegar, was used as a medicine.
Vinegar made the drink sour; the Kelsey Museum notes it masked impurities in water and killed some bacteria. That is a historical note about some bacteria only, so do not count on this dose of vinegar to make unsafe water safe.
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
Posca was a drink of Roman soldiers and the lower classes. The Historia Augusta has Hadrian eat camp fare of bacon, cheese and posca, and Pescennius Niger order his troops to drink vinegar instead of wine on campaign. The Theodosian Code (7.4.6, AD 360) issues soldiers on campaign wine one day and vinegar the next.
