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Soy and legumes from Yunnan, China

Lufu (Yunnan fermented tofu, Shilin style)卤腐

Lufu is Yunnan's spicy fermented tofu. Tofu is cured with salt, chilli, star anise and Sichuan pepper powders and comes in liquor and oil types. Shilin lufu is red outside and golden inside, and one old workshop takes about 100 days over two fermentations.

A short entry: the sources we found record only what is said here about Lufu itself.

Short entrySoy and legumes

Recipe

No fixed amounts recordedThe sources give the ingredients but no amounts.
TofuMade in the workshop from soaked soybeans[ShilinHeritage]
Salt, chilli powder, star anise powder and Sichuan pepper powder[ShilinHeritage]
StarterThe Mouding and Shilin oil-type fermented bean curd samples bought in 2024 were made by artificial inoculation fermentation [sufu2025]
Start
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What changes: Tofu is made by hand in the workshop

Step 1 of 4
Make the tofu
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented

The Meng workshop does every step by hand, from choosing and soaking the beans to making the tofu. Output: tofu.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

At a glance

Lufu is Yunnan's spicy fermented tofu. Tofu is cured with salt, chilli, star anise and Sichuan pepper powders and comes in liquor and oil types. Shilin lufu is red outside and golden inside, and one old workshop takes about 100 days over two fermentations.

What makes this one different

Lufu is a Yunnan fermented tofu cured with salt, chilli, star anise and Sichuan pepper powders, in liquor and oil types.

Related ferments

Variants

  • Jiu lufu (酒卤腐, liquor lufu)The liquor type [ShilinHeritage].
  • You lufu (油卤腐, oil lufu)The oil type; the Shilin and Mouding oil-type samples studied in 2024 were artificially inoculated [ShilinHeritage, sufu2025].
  • Jizong lufu and ganbajun lufuMade with termite mushroom (jizong) or the ganba mushroom [ShilinHeritage].

Safety

A sequencing study of commercial fermented bean curd flags genera such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriaceae as possible safety concerns [sufu2025]. Home-fermented tofu has caused botulism, which can kill. In two CDC reports of home-fermented tofu, the tofu sat at room temperature for about one to two weeks, was low in salt and acid (one sample measured pH 6.8) and was not heated before eating [mmwr2007, mmwr2013]. The sources give no pH figure for lufu, so those reports show a hazard of home tofu ferments, not a finding about lufu, and the workshop method on this page is not a tested home recipe. The toxin cannot be seen, smelled or tasted [cdc-prev].

Hazards the sources name: Clostridium botulinum; in home-fermented tofu, a related product, toxin type A was found in California and type B in New York City.

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

The Shilin scenic-area administration says Shilin lufu has a history of over 200 years and ranks with Xuanwei ham among Yunnan specialities. The Meng family workshop dates from 1879 (Guangxu 5) and has passed through four generations [ShilinHeritage].

  1. [ShilinHeritage] Yunnan Shilin scenic area administration, 石林土特产 (Shilin local products; Meng family lufu, varieties, 100 days, two fermentations)web
  2. [sufu2025] Xue Feng, Zhao Dong, Teng Hao (as listed) 2025, High-throughput sequencing-based study on bacterial community structure and functional prediction of fermented bean curd from different regions in China, Scientific Reports 15:28317, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13691-zpaper
  3. [mmwr2007] CDC 2007, Foodborne botulism from home-prepared fermented tofu, California, 2006, MMWR 56(5):96–97gov
  4. [mmwr2013] CDC 2013, Botulism associated with home-fermented tofu in two Chinese immigrants, New York City, March–April 2012, MMWR 62(26):529–532gov
  5. [cdc-prev] CDC, Preventing botulism (botulism prevention page)gov