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Fish and seafood from Coastal West Africa, with Benin as the place the studies come from
Lanhouinlanhouin
Lanhouin is a traditional fermented salted fish made by spontaneous, uncontrolled fermentation of whole salted cassava fish (Pseudotolithus). In a study of three fermentations the fish fermented for 3 to 8 days at 28-30 °C, led by Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Ripening makes the flesh softer and more aromatic.
DocumentedFish and seafood3.3 days – 8.4 days
Recipe
No fixed amounts recordedThe readable sources give no recipe amounts for the traditional process. The microbial study used fish fermented on three occasions at room temperature (28-30 °C) for 3 to 8 days.
Whole cassava fish (Pseudotolithus sp.)
Kindossi et al. name Pseudotolithus senegalensis[kindossi2016]
Total time across the recorded steps: 3.3 days – 8.4 days
Start
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What changes:Enzymes and microbes soften the fish and build its aroma
Step 1 of 3
Ripen the whole fish
Time
8–10 h
Measured
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
pH 6.5–6.8
Measured
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Bacillus
Ripening is a step of the process. Enzymes and microbes break proteins down into peptides and amino acids, which raises the aroma and softness of the flesh.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Lanhouin is a traditional fermented salted fish made by spontaneous, uncontrolled fermentation of whole salted cassava fish (Pseudotolithus). In a study of three fermentations the fish fermented for 3 to 8 days at 28-30 °C, led by Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Ripening makes the flesh softer and more aromatic. Made in 3 steps over 3.3 days – 8.4 days. The longest step, ferment at room temperature, takes 3–8 days (Anihouvi V.B 2007) and runs at 28–30 °C (Anihouvi V.B 2007). Salt is 10 % (Anihouvi V.B 2012). Bacillus and Staphylococcus do most of the fermenting.
Marinated fillet pre-treatment (lab trial)In a lab trial on cassava-fish fillets, a 6 h marinade of 10 g/100 g salt and 2.5 g/100 g citric acid was the best tested; the dried fermented product from it had pH 4.43 and 9.8 g/100 g salt.
Safety
Histamine in the final product has been reported above the European limit, according to earlier work cited by Kindossi et al. (2016), and cooking or freezing cannot remove histamine once it has formed (FDA). In the makers' trials the fish sat unsalted for 8 to 10 hours, then fermented for days at 28–30 °C, so treat these steps as a record of the practice, not a tested home method. A lab trial found that marinating cassava fish fillets in salt and citric acid before processing lowered the pH.
Hazards the sources name: Histamine, above the level accepted under European rules in the final product, according to earlier work by Anihouvi and colleagues cited by Kindossi et al.; in a fermentation study it did not rise steadily with fermentation time; Enterobacteriaceae (10^2 cfu/g at the start, under 10 cfu/g after 2 days).