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Sauces and condiments from Pidu District

Pixian doubanjiang (fermented broad-bean chili paste)郫县豆瓣

Pixian doubanjiang is Sichuan's fermented broad-bean and chilli paste. Broad beans are grown into koji and fermented with salt, fresh red chillies are salted and fermented apart, and the two are mixed and kept in open vats for months to years, turned by day and left out to the night dew.

Fully documentedSauces and condiments7.7 months

Recipe

Amounts from a sourceComposition printed on the labels of the commercial Pixian doubanjiang that Li et al. 2019 analysed. Makers do not publish fixed recipes.
Red chilliAbout 47.8 %[li2019]
Broad beansAbout 26.1 %[li2019]
Wheat flourAbout 5 %Coats the beans for koji making[li2019]
SaltAbout 16.7 %[li2019]
StarterAspergillus oryzae spores (koji starter) mixed into the floured beans

Total time across the recorded steps: 7.7 months

Start
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What changes: A short dip in boiling water softens the shelled bean halves

Step 1 of 5
Blanch the broad beans
Time
3 min
Reported
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Aspergillus oryzae
Bacillus
Moulds
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Aspergillus

Output: blanched bean halves.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
softened split beans
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

At a glance

Pixian doubanjiang is Sichuan's fermented broad-bean and chilli paste. Broad beans are grown into koji and fermented with salt, fresh red chillies are salted and fermented apart, and the two are mixed and kept in open vats for months to years, turned by day and left out to the night dew. Made in 5 steps over 7.7 months. The longest step, mix and age in open vats, turning by day and dewing by night, takes at least 6 months (Li Z 2019). Salt is 12–14 % (Guo Q 2024). Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus do most of the fermenting.

Key numbers
Main stepat least 6 monthsReported[li2019]Mix and age in open vats, turning by day and dewing by night
Temperature30 °CReported[li2023]Make the bean koji (meibanzi)
Salt12–14 %Reported[guo2024][li2019]Ferment the bean koji with salt (bean meju)

What makes this one different

Gochujang and miso ferment one mixed paste. Doubanjiang ferments the beans and the chillies apart and joins them later, then ages the mix in open vats that are sunned, turned and dewed every day.

Related ferments

Variants

  • Black, golden-hook and sesame-oil doubanjiangVarieties that Chen Zhu'an developed after 1905 while refining the ratio of chilli, broad beans and salt; the heritage listing names them without describing how they differ.

Safety

The national standard sets commercial paste at 15–22 % salt and total acid at 2.0 g per 100 g or less. In salt-reduced trials the bean meju went over that acid limit and opportunistic Enterobacter and Pantoea grew, so the high salt is part of what keeps the paste safe.

Hazards the sources name: Enterobacter, Pantoea and Brevundimonas (opportunistic pathogens in bean meju; favoured by low salt).

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

The Chen family's craft began in the late Ming or early Qing, when a man named Chen mixed mouldy broad bean halves with chilli; the family later settled in Pixian and went into brewing. A family shop opened in 1803, and in 1853 Chen Shouxin merged shops into Yifenghe and summed up the method in the twelve-character rule. Yifenghe became the core of the Pixian Doubanjiang Factory in 1956, and the craft became national intangible heritage in 2008.

  1. [li2023] Li H., Lu Z-M., Deng W-Q., Zhang Q-S., Chen G., Li Q., Xu Z-H., Ma Y-H. 2023, The differences between broad bean koji fermented in laboratory and factory conditions by an efficient Aspergillus oryzae, Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1139406, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139406paper
  2. [guo2024] Guo Q., Peng J., Zhao J., Lei J., Huang Y., Shao B. 2024, Effects of salinity on physicochemical properties, flavor compounds and bacterial communities in broad bean paste-meju fermentation, Foods 13(13):2108, doi:10.3390/foods13132108paper
  3. [li2019] Li Z., Dong L., Jeon J., Kwon S.Y., Zhao C., Baek H.H. 2019, Characterization and evaluation of aroma quality in doubanjiang, a Chinese traditional fermented red pepper paste, Molecules 24(17):3107, doi:10.3390/molecules24173107paper
  4. [ich938] China Intangible Cultural Heritage Network, Pixian doubanjiang traditional craft, national item 938 (VIII-155), second batch 2008gov